FTC Warns of Check Overpayment Scams

FTC Warns of 'Check Overpayment' Scams The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is cautioning shoppers of a perilous and developing cheat called the â€Å"check overpayment† trick, presently the fifth most basic selling misrepresentation and the fourth most basic Internet trick at any point announced. In the check excessive charge trick, the individual you are working with sends you a check for more than the sum they owe you, and afterward teaches you to wire the equalization back to them. Or on the other hand, they send a check and advise you to store it, save some portion of the sum for your own pay, and afterward wire the rest back for some explanation. The outcomes are the equivalent: the check in the long run bobs, and you’re stuck, answerable for everything, including what you wired to the con artist. Run of the mill casualties incorporate people selling something over the Internet, being paid to accomplish work at home, or being sent â€Å"advance winnings† in a counterfeit sweepstakes. The checks in this trick are phony yet they look sufficiently genuine to trick most financiers. Post! The FTC offers the accompanying tips for maintaining a strategic distance from the check excessive charge trick: Know who you’re managing †autonomously affirm your buyer’s name, road address, and phone number.Never consent to wire back assets to a purchaser a genuine purchaser won't compel you to do as such, and you have constrained plan of action if there is an issue with a wire transfer.If you’re selling something over the Internet, state â€Å"no† to a check for more than your selling value, regardless of how enticing the request or persuading the story.Resist strain to â€Å"act now.† If the buyer’s offer is acceptable now, it ought to be acceptable when the check clears.If you acknowledge installment with a money order, request a check drawn on a neighborhood bank or a save money with a nearby office. You can visit that bank office to decide whether the check is legitimate.There is no genuine purpose behind somebody who is giving you cash to request that you wire cash back.Consider an elective strategy for installment, for example, an escrow a dministration or online installment administration. On the off chance that the purchaser needs to utilize an assistance you have not known about, make certain to look at it to be certain it is dependable †check its site, call its client support hotline, and read its terms of understanding and protection strategy. On the off chance that you don't feel great with the administration, don't utilize it. The Lottery Winner Version In another rendition of this trick, the casualty is sent a phony check for â€Å"foreign lottery winnings,† however is advised they have to wire the sender the necessary outside government’s expenses or charges on the prize before they can money the check. In the wake of sending the expenses, the customer attempts to money the check, just to be told the sender is caught in a remote country with no real way to deliver the money. The FTC cautions buyers to â€Å"throw away any offer that approaches you to pay for a prize or unconditional present; and don't enter outside lotteries †most sales for them are deceitful, and it is unlawful to play a remote lottery through the mail or by telephone.† Assets More guidance on the most proficient method to be prepared for Internet extortion is accessible at OnGuardOnline.gov . Customers are approached to report check excessive charge tricks to their state Attorney General, the National Fraud Information Center/Internet Fraud Watch, an assistance of the National Consumers Leagueâ or 1-800-876-7060, or the FTC at www.ftc.gov or 1-877-FTC-HELP.

Tibet Essay -- Country Government Essays

Tibet Dynamic The reason for this paper is to give a spellbinding record of the present monstrosities being actualized by the Communist Chinese in the unlawfully involved province of Tibet and the occasions, political and aggressor, that offered ascend to these occasions since Communist Invasion and occupation in 1959. I intend to give a short depiction of the political, lawful, and military issues just as the human rights infringement that have happened since 1959. This paper will pass on my profound disdain towards human torment, particularly destruction and the detached reaction to it, the most noteworthy abomination of man as I would see it. Realities about Tibet. 14,000 feet above ocean level, high in the Himalayan Mountains lies Tibet, an involved province of the Peoples Republic of China. This little state comprises of 6,000,000 Tibetans, 99% of whom unlawfully practice Tibetan Buddhism, called Mahatlayan, and an unsure number of Chinese homesteaders. The national language is Tibetan, however the new official language is Chinese. The economy is kept up by agrarian and creature farming, rehearsed by the Tibetans, and legislative trade and administration, rehearsed by the Chinese, who are presently assessed to dwarf the local Tibetans. There are, as it were, two legislatures of Tibet. The first is the Communist system, headed by Party authorities. The second is the legislature estranged abroad being held in Dharamsala, in northern India, a stateless republic drove by the Dalai Lama. Review of Chinese Invasion and Destruction of Tibet: 1949-1959. During the foundation of another Communist government in 1959, China sent an expeditionary power to Tibet in 1959. Tibet had to sign a settlement that recognized Chinese power over Tibet, however Ti... ...cMillian. 1960. Goldstein, Melvyn. History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951. London, University of California Press: 1989. US House Committee on International Relations: Current status on exchanges between the Tibetan government estranged abroad and the Peoples Republic of China: Hearing before the C.I.R., House of Representatives, 105th Congress, November sixth, 1997, Released by Washington: U.S.G.P.O., 1998. China's Public Relations Strategy on Tibet www.afn.org/~afn20372/pol/bp.html (5-4-09) Tibetan Studies WWW Virtual Library www.ciolek.com/WWWVL-TibetanStudies.html (5-4-09) Landing page of Tibet www.omni.cc.purdue.edu/~wtu/tibet/Welcome.html (5-4-09) Tibet www.asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/nations/tibet/(5-4-09) In the Court of His Holiness The Dalai Lama www.tibet.com/(5-4-09)

Writing Persuasive Essays For Young Students

Writing Persuasive Essays For Young StudentsWriting persuasive essays for young students can be challenging. Young students are very bright and eager to learn, but their learning style is much different from that of adults. They do not take what they read in class in the same way as adults do, and the writing style for young students is not as polished.Young writers are often more impressionable than older students, so a good writer will be able to tap into the youthful energy that they have. You should think about what style of writing suits your students best. There are three basic styles that are most effective with young readers: facts-based, description-based, and argument-based.Facts-based essays are the best essay topics for young students because they are easy to write. Your young student has just as much need for facts, as an adult does. The important thing is to use words that are specific, even though they are general. If your facts are specific, they will be more impactfu l and memorable for the young reader.You can get much more creative with facts when you use them for writing persuasive essays for young students. For example, if you ask your students to tell you what time of day they wake up, you might write, 'morning light.' Your young student will be able to relate to this word. This style is not difficult and it is also a great way to make your own little personal connection with your students.Descriptive essays are an excellent choice for writing persuasive essays for young students. Most young students have no idea what writing looks like. In fact, very few young people can read well enough to understand a text. The best way to teach them is to describe the text, with simple sentences, and good vocabulary. Make sure that the descriptions are short and to the point.An argument-based essay, also called a persuasive essay, is the longest. The two words 'argument'content' go together so it is important to make sure that your argument is both prec ise and to the point. You can provide examples of how the facts are relevant to the rest of the essay. Use descriptive language and also metaphors.Finally, a persuasive essay must be persuasive enough. This means that you must write in such a way that you are convincing, and that you use strong arguments. The goal is to show your young reader why you are right and they are wrong. With all of these styles, there is no one that is better than another.Writing persuasive essays for young students is not complicated, and you do not have to use a specific style or approach. Instead, simply work to write interesting, precise essays that make a strong first impression on your young readers.

Is a Career in Archaeology Right for You

For those interested in a career in archaeology, there are a number of different career paths and a wealth of specializations to consider. Archaeologists enjoy unique job perks, such as the opportunity to travel and meet new people, and one day is almost never like the next. Find out from a real archaeologist what this job is all about. Employment Prospects Currently, the main source for paid archaeological jobs is not at academic institutions but associated with heritage or cultural resource management. Archaeological investigations are conducted in the developed world every year because of CRM laws which were written to protect, among other things, archaeological sites. Access the latest United States Department of Labor Statistics to see more about  jobs for archaeologists, in academia and out of it. An archaeologist can work on hundreds of archaeological sites over the course of their career. Archaeological projects vary a great deal in scope. In some cases, excavations at a single site can last years or decades, while in others, a few hours is all thats required to record it and move on. Archaeologists work everywhere in the world. In the US and most developed parts of  the world, much archaeology is conducted by firms contracted with the federal and state governments as part of  cultural resource management. In terms of academic archaeological endeavors, nearly everywhere in the world (with the exception of Antarctica) is visited by some archaeologist from somewhere at sometime. Required Education To succeed as an archaeologist, you need to be able to adapt to change fairly rapidly, think on your feet, write well, and get along with lots of different people. You will also need to complete some formal education on archaeology in order to qualify for many positions. The educational requirements for a career in archaeology vary because of the diversity of career paths available.  If you plan to become a college professor, who teaches classes and conducts field schools in the summers, you will need a  PhD. If you plan to run archaeological investigations as a Principal Investigator for a cultural resource management firm, who writes proposals and leads survey and/or excavation projects year-round, you will at least need an MA. There are other  career paths  to explore as well. Archaeologists use math a lot in their work, as it is important to measure everything and calculate weights, diameters, and distances. All kinds of estimates are based on mathematical equations. In addition, from any one site, archaeologists could excavate thousands of artifacts. To be able to get a comprehensive understanding of that number of objects, archaeologists rely on statistics. To truly understand what youre doing, you must understand what statistics to use when. Some universities around the world are developing online courses, and there is at least one  PhD  program that is primarily online.  Of course, archaeology has a large field component and that cannot be conducted online. For most archaeologists, their first excavation experience was at an archaeology field school. This is an opportunity to experience the work of an archaeologist in a real historical site setting, such as  Plum Grove, the territorial home of the first governor of Iowa. A Day in the Life There is no such thing as a typical day in archaeology—it  varies from season to season, and project to project. There are also no average sites in archaeology, nor average excavations. The time you spend on a site depends for the most part on what you intend to do with it: does it need to be recorded, tested, or fully excavated? You can record a site in as little as an hour; you can spend years excavating an archaeological site. Archaeologists  conduct  fieldwork  in all kinds of weather, rain, snow, sun, too hot, too cold. Archaeologists do pay attention to  safety issues  (we dont work in lightning storms or during flooding, for  example; labor laws typically restrict your crew from working more than eight hours in any one given day), but with precaution, that doesnt mean a little rain or a hot day will hurt us.  If you are in charge of heading up an excavation, the days might last as long as the sunlight does. In  addition, your day will likely include no tes, meetings, and lab studies in the evenings.   Archaeology is not all field work, though, and some archaeologists days involve  sitting in front of a computer, doing research in a library, or calling someone on the phone.   Best and Worst Aspects Archaeology can be a great career, but it doesnt pay very well, and there are distinct hardships to the life. Many aspects of the job are fascinating, though—in part because of the exciting discoveries that can be made. You may discover the remains of a  19th-century  brick kiln and, through research, learn that it was a part-time job for the farmer; you may discover something that looks like a Maya ball court, not in Central America, but in central Iowa. However, as an archaeologist, you have to recognize that not everyone puts understanding the past ahead of everything else. A new highway can be an opportunity to study prehistoric and historic archaeology in the land that will be excavated; but to the farmer whose family had lived on the ground for a century, it represented the end of their own personal heritage. Advice for Future Archaeologists If you enjoy hard work, dirt, and travel, archaeology may be right for you. There are many ways you can learn more about a career in archaeology. You may want to join your local archaeological society, to meet others with your same interest and learn about local opportunities. You can sign up for an archaeology training course called a  field school. Many field opportunities are available—even for high school students—such as the  Crow Canyon Project. There are many ways for high school and middle school students  to learn more about careers in archaeology. Future archaeologists are advised to keep your notes under a  rock when  working on the top of a windy hill and to listen to your intuition and experience—it does  pay off if youre patient enough.  For those who love the fieldwork, this is the best job on the planet.

Assessment Task Two Case Analysis Strategy Evaluation and Implementation Free Essay Example, 2250 words

1.2 Performance Evaluation Strategic initiatives taken by Apple Incorporation in the ambit of innovation and creativity earned success during the 2003 period owing to the process of opening of the music store to help the customers download iTunes. The opening up of the iTunes store helped in generating awareness for the iTunes product offering by Apple mingling content, creativity and innovation on a common platform. Similarly the 2004 period also spelt success for the company owing to its gaining of around 82 percent market share in the market for hard drives. Sales of Apple in the respective category amounted to 2 million surpassing its competitors during the winter quarter. Thus market expansion drives of Apple in the category of hard drive audio players gained potential success during 2004. Further Apple Incorporation nearly doubled the sales of hard drives from the period ranging from 2002-03. The company continued with its strategy related to innovation and product development owing to the introduction of enhanced capacity flash-based products and new generation of iPods having large memory capacity during 2005. Product development activities continued during 2007 with the introduction of the iPod Touch gadget that helped the company target a larger market segment based on a variety of product and price offerings. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment Task Two: Case Analysis Strategy Evaluation and Implementation or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Apple’s digital foray further continued in 2007 transforming the iPod into iPhone through mobile and internet enhancements. Down the line during 2008 and 2009 value additions were rendered in iPhones through the incorporation of 3G networking model and adding facilities like gaming and videos. Apple during 2009 featured profits of around $7.5 billion gained through sales of $36.5 billion in terms of iPods and iPhones produced and marketed (Ashcroft, 2010, p. 677-680). The following chart would depict the profit and sales trends for Apple Incorporation along the periods ranging from 2006 to 2010. Figure 1 (ifoapplestore. com, 2011) Further charts rendered below would also reflect on the Revenue and Profit trends along the period ranging from 2001 to 2012. Figure 2 (ifoapplestore. com, 2011) 1.3 SAFe Analysis SAFe Parameters Business Strategies Corporate Strategies Suitability Apple focuses on designing its own Operating Systems, Hardware and other Software Applications. The products are developed through the enhancement of ease of use and stylishness rendered to attract potential customers. Research and Development along with marketing and promotional ventures are pursued to gain a larger market share (Apple Inc, 2011, p. 1; Zott and Amit, 2009, p. 1-3).

The Hidden Agenda of the News Media - 1337 Words

The Hidden Agenda of the News Media People use many different sources in order to gain knowledge about current events. In America, historically, mass media and television have been the most dominant sources for information. Over the last decade, internet-based news sites and talk-radio shows have emerged as viable alternatives to the traditional media. While, obviously, the latest forms of news media are very different from their â€Å"elder† counterparts regarding the conveyance of the information, they share some of the same issues regarding the reporting of the news. News coverage can be, and usually is, influenced by many factors including, but not limited to: personal political ideology, religion, culture, and economics. The†¦show more content†¦Maybe the writer seems to think that the â€Å"provocative images† of the two boys â€Å"walking arm-in-arm† would stir up emotions and lead to more â€Å"violence in the region.† Arutz SHEVA The Arutz SHEVA article, written by International Affairs Correspondent Michael Freund, is blatantly subjective. The headline: â€Å"PA Terrorists Threaten Pop Star Madonna,† immediately places the blame on the Palestinian Authority. Freund cites the â€Å"UK daily The Sun† report that Madonna â€Å"received a series of ‘poison-pen letters’ from Palestinian Authority-based Arab terrorists in which they threatened to kill her and her two young children if she went ahead with the concerts in Israel.† (Freund’s source for his information is the â€Å"London tabloid† cited in the AP story in The Straits Times.) Freund goes on to quote The Sun’s anonymous source as saying that Madonna was determined to go ahead with the concerts, but, after receiving these â€Å"unbelievably scary† notes, she â€Å"freaked out when her kids were mentioned.† Freund uses quotes from The Sun to describe Madonna as a â€Å"strong woman† who â€Å"was not ready to take chances with her kids—they are her whole world.† Some of the terms and phrases used in this story are intended to appeal to the emotions of the reader. This story about a â€Å"strong woman† receiving â€Å"unbelievably scary† notes threatening her small children, who are â€Å"her whole world,† makes the reader feel sympathy towards MadonnaShow MoreRelatedThe Destruction Of The Human Race1437 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Race The influence of media in today’s world is having a negative impact on humanity. Today the media is more powerful than ever, not only in America but also globally. Media is everywhere in an abundance of people’s lives. Daily newspapers are being delivered to the front door, twenty-four-hour news channels and radio stations are broadcast in homes and businesses, and multiple social media outlets are available in the palms of people’s hands. Within seconds, news travels from the other sideRead MoreMedi Bending The Truth938 Words   |  4 Pages Media : Bending The Truth Most of all Americans get their news in one form or another, and with the introduction of smartphones and other technology to our daily life, receiving news has never been easier and more accessible. However, not all media outlets are equal. Many news media outlets contain bias and opinions. Some bias can be subtle, while other propaganda can be extremely obvious. Spotting the propaganda is not always easy, however it is important to know the difference between fact andRead MoreThe And New Zealand Media Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will demonstrate how both American and New Zealand media outlets shape and filter all their stories and decide what people see and think about, and how to think about certain stories; also known as ‘Agenda Setting’. New Zealand and America interpret news completely differently, what is important in America may have zero relevance to New Zealand media and vis versa. Agenda-setting is more obvious in the New York times, they report on specific events to endorse and highlight events orRead MorePublic Private Divide Structure The Priorities Of Human Rights Issues1110 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernments, most always has a hidden agenda when they choose what issues to privatize and what issues to publicize. American troops tend to ignore private issues such as domestic abuse and women’s education in Afghanistan because these issues are seen as private issues; however, when there is something to gain from interfering it becomes a public issue. Sharbat Gula is a young Afghan girl who for seventeen years was only a picture, lacking a name and a story in the American media. Seventeen years laterRead MoreHow Media Influences The Minds Of All Who Consume It1569 Words   |  7 Pagestext, meaning they are able to dissect the text and come to their own conclusions. On the contrary, a Passive audience member simply soaks up all information shown to them in a media text without any user interaction, just as the creator of the media form intended. Different scholars have differing theories on how the media influences the minds of all who consume it, and it is impossible to tell which theory is correct. However most theorists agree that one theory may fit one audience member, butRead MoreMedi Scientific Articles Versus Socially And Politically Motivated Biased Articles1204 Words   |  5 Pagesthis paper, I will be analyzing two types of media: Scientific articles versus socially and politically motivated, biased articles. This paper’s intended audience are my fellow ENC1101 students. This paper will challenge students to do further research then what they see after one search before forming an opinion on a subject. The audience of my paper will be aware of the subject, as the topic has been in the news in ad nauseam over social media, news outlets, newspapers, and personal conversationRead MoreMedia And Its Influence On The Public1646 Words   |  7 PagesNot only is the interest of the owners of large companies pushed out to the public, but also the interest of the companies who pay these media companies in advertising to citizens to sell their goods. Advertising is an important influence in what the public sees in media and has a direct influence on the public’s interest in the product (Rinallo, Basuray; 2009). Companies such as Nike and Coca-Cola can pay networks such as ABC and FOX large sums of money to advertise their companies through theirRead Moreyears and years the world has been blinded by the evils in society. There are three main matters1100 Words   |  5 Pagesyears and years the world has been blinded by the evils in society. There are three main matters that shade us from the truth every day. These are corruption/greed, media t akeover, and ignorance. Corruption is one of the worst evils to enter society; it has seemed to become a type of faith on its own. The way it is evil is that corruption has blinded society by the way we think and act, it allows people in society to think that doing evil things is an ok thing to do. The reason corruption has changedRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Cohen s Folk Devils And Moral Panics 1438 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity of Essex in the 60s, developed the concept of Moral Panic as a way to describe the media coverage of the violence that spawned between two rival youth gangs (the Mods and the Rockers) and to explain the following societal reaction to that era’s adolescent sub-culture. Since then the term has been regularly used in the media to refer to all sorts of anti-social and criminal behaviours.The use of media can create unnecessary panic about a range of different subjects, one of the most popularRead MoreEssay on The News Media1022 Words   |  5 PagesThe News Media Being objective has been an unrealistic ethic that defines the news media. Fallows agues that journalism and the news has provided largely entertainment fluff and has virtually selected unthinking news communicated to the American people; and Paenti agrees and states that the Media is big business and therefore is not independent, objective, neutral, informative, balanced, and truthful. Their ideas may seem outlandish and farfetched, but it is the fact of life for the media

A Modern Modest Proposal free essay sample

A Modest Proposal for Disposing Homelessness in the United States Every city or town I have ever visited is affected by the plague of homeless people. The most apparent places where the severity of homelessness is displayed are major cities in the United States, such as New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles. Although the official number of homeless people in the United States is unknown, everyone can attest to the volume of homeless people that they have encountered in their lifetimes. It is a sad fact that our incredible country is subjected to such eyesores inhaling our hard-earned money, and I believe that this must be stopped. Not only are homeless people taking our resources, but they are also putting a strain on all of our hearts and minds, as we feel bad for these individuals’ circumstances. As American citizens, it is our duty to protect the integrity of our nation and always work towards a better life; this is why we must enact my plan to use homeless people to our advantage. My solution to our homeless problem is a simple one; we shall auction off all homeless people to wealthy Americans as slaves. To enact this plan, we will collect the homeless people off the street either willingly or by force, since this plan will be truly beneficial to them. After collecting all homeless people, we shall have auction houses setup in soup kitchens and shelters, seeing as they will no longer be used for their original purposes. We shall primarily auction the homeless people to the wealthy Americans, but if needed, we may sell the individuals to people from civilized countries. When homeless families are brought to the auction houses, they will be sold as a unit; however, only immediate relatives will be sold together, such as parents or guardians with their children. Any children that are auctioned will be required to attend school during the week and work twenty hours for their masters and work full –time on weekends. This law is essential for it will ensure that the children will be educated so that they may better themselves. Anyone that is auctioned when he or she is older than eighteen will be a slave until his or her master dies; slaves will not be passed down to relatives. If these slaves return to the streets, they shall be re-auctioned to a different wealthy master. Young slaves will be auctioned for more money than slaves who are over forty years old. The benefits that come along with this plan will not only improve the quality of life homeless people have, but it will improve our nation. First, homeless people will reap the greatest benefits from this plan. By becoming slaves, the homeless people will always have a place to sleep. Homeless people will sleep either in their master’s home or in a special lodge of their own. In addition, the homeless people will be provided with food and water every day; something they would not have if they continued to live on the streets. Clothing will also be provided to slaves if needed along with bathing opportunities. For the children, they will now have the ability to go to school and get an education when they would not have been able to otherwise. These provisions of basic needs and other necessities as masters see fit will improve these peoples’ lives immensely. Another benefit of this plan is that with the money we collect from auctioning off the homeless people, we will be able to reduce our national debt. As of February 2013, America’s national debt is $16,649,703,459,968 (U. S. ). Our national debt is projected to reach over seventy trillion dollars in ten years and close to two-hundred trillion dollars in twenty years (U. S. ). This debt is growing exponentially, and my plan will help slow this increase in debt. In New York City alone there are over 50,000 people each night sleeping in shelters and one in every 2,688 people is homeless (Bosman). Selling each homeless person for an upwards of 5,000 dollars will help start our journey towards a decreased debt. In the year 2012, Americans pitched in nearly eight million dollars of their own money to help reduce the national debt, but they barely made a dent (Smith). With this added donation, we will be able to make a significant impact. Along with this, selling the homeless people will allow us to shut down all shelters and food kitchens since there will be no need for them. In these spaces, we will hold the auctions so we will have to pay rent; however, we will no longer have to supply food, clothing, or any other item to the homeless. Around four billion dollars is spent annually on homeless individuals and families by state governments and private groups (Fahy). Adding to this, the federal government spends around 2. 9 billion dollars for  federal homeless programs every year (Fahy). Not spending this money will help our state governments save money and our federal government save money every year. Another great benefit of selling homeless people is we will no longer have dirty people littering our streets and taking our money. Anytime someone visits a major city in the United States, this person is pestered by countless homeless people beg ging for his or her hard-earned money (Jurkiewicz). In these situations, people feel scared by the unclean individual and dread this interaction (Jurkiewicz). For the people that breeze by the homeless, they tend to feel bad for their action while those who do give money to the homeless are left with the fear that they will buy alcohol or drugs; either way, this is a lose-lose situation (Jurkiewicz). Selling these homeless people will rid our society of these feelings and awkward encounters, ideally improving our lives. Relocating our homeless will not only solve our homelessness problem, it will help reduce the number of illegal immigrants in our country. In the United States, there are over four million illegal immigrants trying to steal our jobs (McClellan). Using the homeless people as slaves for wealthy people will deter them from hiring illegal immigrants to do their housework. Buying a slave will in turn be cheaper than paying an illegal immigrant, and therefore people will turn to purchasing a homeless person. In addition, these homeless people will most likely speak English, which will allow communication between masters and slaves much easier. This plan I have developed is simply for the good of our great nation, and I know that it will prove to be advantageous. Lowering our national debt, making our lives easier, and ensuring a safe environment will allow the United States to flourish.

Influence of media free essay sample

Media, the name alone to everyone seems all too familiar, however the meaning and purpose of the word is understood differently amongst people. For ages media has been a key source for knowing what is happening throughout the world. As time evolved the speed in which media information becomes available has increased dramatically, but the quality of media is one to question. Today our media behavior changes all the time because the gratifications we seek from the media are in constant state of flux. Our life situation may change and with it the criteria we use to select media. We may seek media that entertains or media that is informative to us. The changes in media, as well as providing in terms the role media play’s and the role media needs to play in order to function properly. Today media can influence society negative and positively. The different media vary with respect to the gratifications they provide use. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, television is associated with entertainment, whereas the internet is more related to information seeking . Various media satisfy different needs, individual differences theory recognizes that media influences society one person at a time and that media’s influence differs by people. How media influences society is determined by people’s personalities and cognitive structures. Personality differs for each person. Some people are talkative while others are reserved. Such personality traits influence the media that people use. Possible effects on receivers such as male and females for example, female teens have been found to listen with greater frequency to radio than males. Likewise, Wells and Hakanen found that female teens rated radio as their highest used medium, followed by television, whereas males rated television use first , allowed by recorded music and then by radio. Media influence in society can have a positive influence or negative influence also. News media influences us positively by showing us how we can come together to help other people who have been in catastrophes. Good examples of this are how the media covered the damage that occurred in Japan during the tsunami or the devastation from hurricane Katrina. We knew as a society we needed to help these people. We sent money to help for the cause of Hurricane Katrina. It helps give us more information for the world around us. Lets the word out and give a leading hand for others that is in need of it. In the 80’s there were some sitcoms on that influenced America and its family life immensely. â€Å"The Cosby Show† had a big impact on middle class families. We all got to see every week how Cliff and his wife went through the same struggles that all families go through. Through these struggle with teenagers, older parents, etc. we learned how to handle them, and that everything would come out okay. Another show that had a great influence on us is â€Å"The Walton’s†. The Walton’s showed us that you can always count on family, and that family is the most important thing in life. In both of these shows morals were taught. A teenager could see that lying was not good, that parents always found out. We also got to see how family’s relied on each other and needed each other. In the 80’s when more families had to have two working parents this was important to see. Negative influences are all around us. Beer commercials tell young boys that if you drink a certain kind of beer you will get all the good looking girls and maybe not be such a nerd. Hamburger restaurants have girls dressing up in near to nothing to sell a hamburger. McDonald’s the ultimate offender, uses a clown and his friends to encourage young children to buy happy meals and play at McDonalds. In conclusion the media affects us in many ways. Everything we do is a result of the media such as watching TV, reading the newspaper, surfing the internet just to mention a few. The media feeds us information and fundamentally tells us what is precise. It is the only one aspect which affects what we do in society, although it is an impressive aspect. Another example of a negative influences are kids being exposed to a media message, the audience becomes immediately immune to them. So, for example, long-term exposure to a violent message will result in a desensitization to that degree of violence.

Essay Sample on Separation of Church and State

Essay Sample on Separation of Church and State Free sample essay on Separation of Church and State: In 1789, the First Amendment established that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This meant the Federal and State Governments could not be partial or show support for any certain denomination or religious organization. One example being the nation’s early attachment to the Church of England. Three years after this amendment was written, it was ratified by the states of the union. James Madison, also referred to as the â€Å"Father of the Constitution†, was greatly worried about the church’s influence on the Federal Government. He once voiced his concern in 1785 when Patrick Henry proposed a bill requiring all citizens in the state of Virginia to pay a tax that would support religion with each taxpayer being able to choose which church they would like to support. Those non-religious individuals would pay a tax that helped fund secular education. To show his disapproval concerning this bill, Madison wrote and published â€Å"Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments† and used several logical, realistic, and even clever analogies and comparisons in his essay to support his views. This essay, which gave sound arguments to maintain the separation of church and state proved to be a good weapon against Patrick Henry’s persuasive oration and prevented any advances from being made concerning the union of church and state. The few constitutional religious references concerning the federal government such as â€Å"In God We Trust† and â€Å"†¦one nation, under God, indivisible with liberty and justice for all.† are considered constitutional because they were accepted by our founding fathers and written into the constitution. Also, the public is not required or forced to know, recite, or respect these phrases. Even though the separation of church and state is understood and respected in the United States; infringements on this amendment are still taking place today. Some examples being the displaying of nativity scenes, crosses, and other religious insignia in, outside, or on the premises of state or federal government buildings. The public opinion concerning the separation of church and state is fairly evenly divided and differs from region to region. Most people in small, rural communities are against the separation of church and state while those in more densely populated areas favor the separation and believe that the church should not be involved in governmental affairs. Religious displays and references are rarely seen in federal buildings, but are often shown in state and local courthouses and other government establishments. An example of this would be a district judge in Alabama beginning his court sessions with a prayer and his refusal to remove the Ten Commandments displayed on the wall in his courtroom. The judge’s views were shared not only by the community, but by the entire state as a whole and the governor of Alabama even went as far as to threaten to deploy the Alabama National Guard to prevent the Ten Commandments from being removed. This is in violation of the separation of church and state, but rarely much action is taken against these offenses. In the public school system, the separation of church and state is strictly enforced although events of a religious nature on school grounds are not entirely prohibited. Students are allowed and welcome to participate in a range of activities as long as their actions do not disrupt, influence, or pressure other students. Private, silent prayers at the lunch table and students gathering around the flagpole for a group prayer if done so voluntarily are completely acceptable. On the contrary, group prayers said by athletes and lead by the team coach are not allowed. The constitution clearly specifies that facilitators must never push religious views on students but instead promote unity amongst students of different ethnic and religious backgrounds. Students should be sensitive of other’s views and beliefs and not try to pressure or belittle individuals with view and opinions unlike their own. Often times religious references and practices are present in public schools and usually both facilitators and fellow students are unaware of how certain individuals might feel toward participating in that particular activity. For example, many songs sang by high school choirs are spirituals that contain themes of heavenly deliverance and salvation. Some students might not believe in these ideas but are forced to participate due to either peer pressure, the threat of a failing grade, or public humiliation or ridicule from the teacher and other students. This scenario is rarely seen but both facilitators and students should be informed and educated to prevent such cases from ever happening. In my opinion, I believe that church should be separate from state. I feel strongly about my faith and have deeply rooted Christian beliefs; but also feel that our faith should not influence our government and schools. Not everyone in government and not all who attend public schools share the same religious beliefs. It is not fair to those who have different views to be forced to accept the views of others. The United States is rich in culture due to the diverse people who inhabit the country. Every American is different and being asked to conform to a single religion would lessen our individuality and make our culture less unique. America should be for all Americans, not just Christian Americans. Also, the men and women who founded this country did so in the name of freedom from religious persecution and we should do our best to keep it that way. After the devastation of September 11th, the country was in a time of crisis and need to be unified more than ever. Having common religious views might have actually strengthened the country and this was evident by the words â€Å"In God We Trust† on every marquee and the many paintings, pictures, posters, and many other religious depictions concerning September 11th. According to the First Amendment, all government buildings are prohibited from displaying such forms of expression. Also, it states that individuals associated with the government should refrain from openly supporting these forms of expression. President Bush often makes religious references, but he has the same basic rights of every citizen and is able to openly express his views and opinions. A common religion supported by the government could possibly help bring our nation together; but a strong, unbiased government is the key to a successful, productive nation. I fell that the common bond all Americans should share is that fact that we are all Americans. No matter our ethnic or religious background.

Developmental psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Developmental psychology - Essay Example In the preoperational stage, the child is in a later stage of development, early childhood, and they tend to be more and more focused on the world around them. In the concrete stage, â€Å"accommodation increases. The child develops an ability to think abstractly and to make rational judgements about concrete or observable phenomena, which in the past he needed to manipulate physically to understand† (Piaget, 2010). And the stage of formal operations can be roughly equated to adolescence. There are various tasks that Piaget attributes to each stage; for example, in the conservation task of the concrete stage, â€Å"They also see that when one of the vessels is emptied into a taller and thinner receptacle, the level of liquid is higher in the thinner vessel than in the other original vessel. Pre-Concrete Operations stage children conclude that there is more liquid in the thinner vessel† (Conservation, 2008). The results of this task may be that the child is not able to d ifferentiate between different volumes in vessels of different shapes. Although, as mentioned, some argue that there are confounding variables, Piaget has general support in today’s society. Piaget’s concepts of assimilation and accommodation are important to consider in the construction of a childs schema. Accommodation is the tougher concept, in terms of the cognitive effort that the child has to put forth. In assimilation, it is basically like the child taking in new information that fits into a sort of pre-fabricated place in their brain—it is new information that fits seamlessly with old information. Accommodation, however, is more about conflict and compromise. â€Å"In accommodation, the internal world has to accommodate itself to the evidence with which it is confronted and thus adapt to it, which can be a more difficult and painful process.   In the database analogy, it is like what happens when you try to put in information which does not fit the

Eastman-Kodak Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Eastman-Kodak - Essay Example In 1975, Kodak invented the first digital camera. Hence they didn’t miss the digital age. But Eastman Kodak didn’t market their new technology. They feared that it would hurt their own lucrative film business, in spite of the fact that the digital products were revolutionizing the market. Sony and Canon took this near-sightedness of Kodak and charged ahead with their own digital cameras (Mui, 2012). When Kodak ultimately realized what mistake it did, it was all but too late for them. They saw their market share plummeting. Kodak didn’t recognize the business which they were in. They focussed more on selling more products, instead of concentrating on the business they were in, sharing memories (Kotter, 2012, p. 1). They were more determined on earring revenues through selling film and they though the photography business didn’t fit their business model. Hence they ignored the coming tsunami of new technology in the market. As their film business went from b eing and essential business into old fashioned one, the company could never recover. What opportunities & why did Kodak miss them? For past 15 years, digital technology has changed the photography business drastically. But Kodak, champion of analogy film business, was left behind. Kodak missed the chance to grab the digital market thrice. First miss was Digital Cameras. In 1995 it launched its first digital camera in the market, DC40. But Kodak never took advantage of this situation. Their whole business model was involving the film and printing business. It was not until 2011, that the company came out with EasyShare line for the cameras. But by them they were too late. The Second Miss is the Photo Sharing business. Kodak in 2005 launched the world’s first Wi-Fi enable camera known as EasyShare-One. Figure 1: EasyShare-One But the camera didn’t earn much revenue for the company. Hence Kodak decided to kill this product. But if the company had to foresightedness of understanding that the photo sharing was going to be the way people interacted with the photo, they might had thought about it twice. The same year when Kodak killed it, a group of engineers’ launched Eye-Fi, which had the same concept as EasyShare-One and became hugely successful. Nowadays photo sharing app is a killer app earning millions of revenues for companies. The Third Miss is Photo Viewing. Kodak was working on digital printers and digital photo frames, though it couldn’t understand the demand of it in the market. But when Kodak started to push for the photo frames with distinguishing features like batteries, Wi-Fi, the prices of the technology were falling, and it resulted in thin margins for the company. What did the competition do differently? Kodak couldn’t enter into the digital market at right time when it should have entered. Rather

Common man Essay Example for Free

Common man Essay At one level, the thesis is then just another callow compromise by the author in a life that he would call hollow, servile, and insincere. He is a weak and miserable man. Early in life, he was instilled with the desire to live according to what Bolles (1985) referred to as the three boxes of life, a desire that most middle-class parents bequeath to their children in the developing world. The three boxes of life being: foreign Western education, or rather training; high paying professional work in the West or the Middle East; and lastly a cushy retirement plan in North America and/or Europe, or a dollar-indexed pension to be paid in the home country. In other words, to borrow the incisive language of Malcolm X, my social milieu spoke to me in the following way: try to change your status from that of a field slave in the developing world to a house slave in a developed country so that you are of more use to the master and get to live a relatively comfortable life. On no account are you to forge a common cause with your fellow field slaves and work towards a new reorganization of the plantation so that all can live with dignity. You are, of course, allowed to be compassionate towards the lower orders, give charity, and urge them to be like you in the lust to emulate the master. Thus, I came to view myself as a rat, in all senses of the word, and my country as a sinking ship. Foreign education was the life boat on which I could get out of the ship and serve with a smile those very institutions and interests that had boarded and scuttled not only my ship but many others like it. As for those drowning in the decks below, the thought never really entered my mind. I now freely admit that I could not escape the clutches of the first box even when I became aware that I would be serving the very interests that were antithetical to what I thought represented the best in humanity. My ensnarement was due not so much to the strength of the box but to some path dependency processes which were accentuated largely by my own weaknesses, an unhealthy craving for wealth and status, and, lastly, craven cowardice that has made me so far, to quote Hamlet, ‘bear the ills we have than fly to those that we know not of.’ The jury is still out on the second and third boxes though. I hope the thesis will help me make my escape from them.

Gender Roles and Hypnosis :: Barker Regeneration papers

"Gender Roles and Hypnosis" Pat Barker's Regeneration explores the internal struggles of WWI soldiers, and their attempts to overcome the trauma of war experiences. One way in which soldiers were treated for psychological trauma was with hypnosis. Hypnosis is introduced to the reader on page 51. In this particular scene, Billy Prior is attempting to convince Dr. Rivers of his specific need for hypnotherapy, in order to recall his repressed memories. By recovering these painful memories through hypnosis, Barker's male patients find themselves able to embrace emotions rather than repress them. Prior is one particular example of the need to alter masculine gender roles in order to embrace emotions and be healed, a theme present in Regeneration. Hypnosis is derived from the Greek word hypnos, which means sleep ("Hypnotism"). However, the patient does not sleep during hypnosis. It has been described as a therapeutic method, which uses the "technique of inducement of trance, which is a state of semi-conscious relaxation, at the same time maintaining sensory contact with the environment" (Bernik). Hypnosis can produce various levels of perception, increased memory, increased attention and motor functions, and "higher intellectual functions" (Bernik). Historically there have been many uses for hypnosis, as David Deegan describes. The most general is to relieve all types of physical pain. During hypnosis, many patients have described their physical pain as feeling closer to a warming sensation. Another use involves the treatment of diseases such as asthma and irritable colon. Hypnosis can also be used to control various impulses that can contribute to anorexia, obesity, chemical addictions, and sexual impulses. Finally, hypnosis can be used to treat phobias such as panic disorder and anxiety. It was widely used in this manner in WWI due to a shortage of psychiatrists, mostly for the treatment of physical pain, itching, anxiety, and the "restoring of repressed traumatic experiences which could them be dealt with and understood, helping soldiers come to terms with dreadful events" (Deegan). Coming to terms with traumatic events through hypnosis is a positive consequence of restoring memory. Barker first refers to hypnosis and its assistance in restoring memory on page 51, where hypnosis represents proof of Prior's desire to be healed. Prior is arguing that he does in fact want to get better, but he does not agree with Rivers' psychoanalytic treatment. He claims he does not remember the latter part of his service in France, and he wants Rivers to try hypnosis so that he can recall his repressed memories.

Discursive

Discursive EssaySean Killoran The death penalty, used from 1707 and fully abolished in 1969, was said to have cut crimes by two thirds. It is a controversial topic ever since it was created. It has taken the lives of guilty and innocent parties. In a recent survey 70% or the public want the death penalty reinstated for heavy crimes. Personally I feel the death penalty should only be used if a murderer has been proved guilty with flawless evidence. Many people feel that the death penalty is a cruel and inhumane punishment for any convict.It brings forward the question that would we be any better than the person standing in front of the jury ? There is also a major danger that an innocent person could be sentenced to death. There would be know way of releasing the person if there was suitable evidence from because they would be dead. For example, In 2004, the state of Texas executed Cameron Todd Willingham for starting the fire that killed his children. The Texas Forensic Science Commi ssion found that the arson testimony that led to his conviction was based on flawed science.As of today, 138 wrongly convicted people on death row have been exonerated. One of the main reasons I feel people are against the death penalty is the cost. In Texas over 430 executions have been recorded since 1976, this has cost them $2. 3 million, which is almost three times of which it would cost to imprison a convict. This makes people think why would you pay almost three times the amount to kill a person just so the family can have ‘revenge’ and ‘justice’. There is more than one side to this argument however.The death penalty did reduce crimes by two thirds therefore making the area a safer place. This gives the impression that a ruthless and no holds barred attitude would be put towards the offender and possibly make other people who are thinking of committing think twice. Also there is no chance of re-offending as the type of people who are willing to do suc h a crime will effectively be wiped out. A judge could sentence a man to life in prison. That same man could be out of jail with 15 years. How has life in jail become known as ten to fifteen ears? If the judge says life with no parole, then the criminal could stay in jail a bit longer, but that would mean the country would have to take care of the prisoner for twenty to twenty five years. How can we trust the murderers and thieves of our country to a law that will either let them out in ten years or have us take care of them for twenty years, and then let them go? The criminals do not fear the punishment anymore, because they know they will not die. Punishment is meant to be feared by the convict and to keep him from doing it again.I am not saying we execute all of the criminals in the world, but it has to remain an option for the courts to use and to scare the criminals of the country. Many criminals don't fear the law. They know that they will get out in ten years if they murder s omeone. They are not afraid of jail or their punishment. How can we force them to stop killing or stealing if they are not afraid of the punishment we give them. Most rational men are afraid of death. They don't want to die. There are also men that don't fear death, but enjoy killing.They must be controlled, but if they are sentenced to life, they are soon free to kill again. Again, I am not saying we should kill all the men in jail and any other criminal in the world. That is not the answer either, but we must have the death penalty as an option so that they will be afraid to break the law, and to control those who don't fear death but love to break the law. The Death Penalty has proven to have good benefits upon the country in determining the consequences that criminals deserve. This is needed to ensure the safety of society.If this is the case, there is no need for us to consider the expenses involved in the death penalty. Certainly human lives are more important, for it may easi ly be yours. We should not abolish the death penalty, but hold our country accountable for properly using the death penalty upon those who deserve it. Sources YYwww. wikipedia. com[->0] YYwww. answers. yahoo. com[->1] YYwww. tnjn. com[->2] Word Count: 766 [->0] – http://www. wikipedia. com/ [->1] – http://www. answers. yahoo. com/ [->2] – http://www. tnjn. com/

A Detailed Lesson Plan-Developmental Reading - 1618 Words

A Semi-detailed Lesson Plan in Developmental Reading I. Objectives At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: a. Define reading b. Enumerate the types of reading c. Specify the purposes of reading d. Demonstrate the proper postures in oral reading II. Subject Matter Developmental Reading I References: 1. Developmental Reading I, Dr. Edisteo B. Bernardez Page 4-5 2. Developmental Reading, Dr. Angelita Romero Dr. Rene Romero III. Materials: Powerpoint presentation, video clips and pictures IV. Procedure: 1. The teacher will assign a student to read a selection. 2. Discussion of the subject A. Definition of reading B. Enumeration of the types of reading C. Specify the purposes of reading D. Demonstration of the proper†¦show more content†¦What is a lesson plan? It’s a simple statement of: †¢ what your pupils are going to learn †¢ how you intend them to learn it †¢ how you will know that the learning has taken place. How do I write a lesson plan? Stage 1 The starting point for any lesson plan must be, ‘What do I want pupils to learn?’ If you begin by answering that question, and call your answer a ‘Learning Objective’, then your planning will stay focused. If you look at the ‘Bloom’s Taxonomy’ resource, you will find some active verbs that might help you identify the Learning Objective and build sequences of learning. Unless it is a ‘one off’ lesson, the Learning Objective will usually come from a Medium Term Plan, or Scheme/Unit of Work – either one that you have prepared yourself, or one prepared by your school. Stage 2 Your course documents will include a standard proforma for writing lesson plans. Your school will have its own version, not necessarily the same. (Your university will provide guidance on which proformas to use and when.) A lesson plan will usually contain these elements: 1. A context. Indicate where the lesson fits into the Medium Term Plan / Scheme of Work or Programme of Study. Use references to the National Curriculum – e.g. EN3 1b – and / or Assessment Objectives drawn from exam specifications. 2. A statement both of success criteria and of the means by which youShow MoreRelatedAction Research Plan. Strategies to improve word recognition skills1366 Words   |  6 PagesAction Research Plan Kristina Hopkins Benedictine University Introduction: I am developing an action plan for my research on how to improve sight word vocabulary through various strategies. I will define an area of focus, define variables, develop questions, describe interventions and membership, negotiations, develop a timeline, a statement of resources, and develop data collection ideas. This plan will be very detailed and developed according toRead MoreDifferent Types Of Assessments That Have Been Standardized Essay1290 Words   |  6 PagesScreening is a brief and common assessment that answers questions about a child’s development. The purpose of screening assessment is to identify children who needs a more detailed and in-depth assessment. Screening assessments can include vision and hearing, speech and language, growth and development and it can also include reading and math screenings. Screening are simple and easy to execute, which is why it can only provide answers with minimal detail. It is conducted mostly with large groups ofRead Mor ePROBLEM What is the one subject area that suffers the most during testing? Writing is our country’s1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough better instruction in language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. Writing can be explained through reading, note taking, and journaling. Students do not write enough and their writing is not from a varied amount of genres, such as expository, narrative, descriptive, persuasive, and journaling and note taking. My personal significance in planning my action plan was that young students should be expected to write. Not only should they be expected to write when they enter schoolRead MoreDevelopmental Stages Of Our 6th Graders1428 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopmental Stages of Our 6th Graders This reading is very helpful because it highlights the different stages adolescents go through in their preteen years. It also highlights how the gender of a person can really affect how they develop mentally. When children reach the age of â€Å"ten to eleven they begin to challenge their assumptions about the world,† their mental development grows alongside their physical development. Girls (or female bodied people) develop physically at a much faster rateRead MoreHead Start1689 Words   |  7 Pagesparticular location because of its close proximity to my home. The classroom that I had the opportunity of seeing had a kitchen and a diaper changing/potty room. There were many different play stations such as a dress up area, a puppet area, a reading area, and a sandbox area. Each play station was small and designated by shelving. The setup promotes corporative play and increases verbal interactions. The setup seems to work well and is organized. I have found through researching the Head StartRead MoreEssay on Wk7Assgn7NixL2830 Words   |  12 PagesCreating and implementing effective lessons for a literacy learner who is struggling with reading and writing takes much effort and appropriate resources. Throughout the Literacy Development course, I have gained much insight and resources that have become valuable tools in addressing students’ literacy needs. Each week, I conducted lessons and activities that targeted the needs of many students, but my initial focus on was on one particular student. His individual reading level, spelling development, andRead MoreTeaching Assistant Level 2 (Assignment 3)6057 Words   |  25 Pagesand stories where children join in. Early literacy is encouraged while consideration is given to the fact that, for all children, ‘learning to read’ is a unique personal experience as such should not be rushed. Ysgol Dolafon believes that reading should also be fun! Children are allowed ample opportunity to freely access books and quiet areas are provided. The following list contains just a few examples of techniques that have been implemented and proven to help with early literacy: Read MoreThe Disability That I Have Selected For My Study3574 Words   |  15 Pagesthe more common developmental issues faced in mainstream schools today. This paper has been compiled based on the research of evidence practices followed in Australia (Bond et al., 2010; Rowe2005; UK; Rose, 2006, 2009; and USA; Report of the National Reading Panel 2000). These practices include the best practices in intervention covering teaching of Waves 1 – 3 formulated through large–scale and well-constructed studies which include comparison groups (Journal of Research in Reading, 2013). DyslexiaRead More Special Needs Essay3841 Words   |  16 PagesSpecial Educational Needs What are the four separate categories of Special Educational Needs and constituent sub-categories, as detailed in the S.E.R.C. report? 1. Pupils with learning difficulties and disorders  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pupils in need of Remedial Teaching (Learning Support)  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pupils with Specific Learning Disabilities  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pupils with Specific Speech and Language disorders 2. Pupils with Physical and Sensory DisabilitiesRead MoreHoward Gardner s Theory Of Multiple Intelligences And Learning2111 Words   |  9 Pagesability to connect with their environment, or self. Therefore those who may not be seen as typically intelligence are served an injustice as there is a major break in what is typically considered to be intelligent and actual intelligence. 3. Do some reading and research on the application of multiple intelligence theory in the education system/classroom. Based on your research, and your own experiences in school, how could multiple intelligences be used in the classroom to facilitate students’ learning

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With the Letter L

Chemistry abbreviations and acronyms are common in all fields of science. This collection offers common abbreviations and acronyms beginning with the letter L used in chemistry and chemical engineering. List  of Abbreviations Starting With the Letter L l - angular momentum quantum numberL or l - lengthL- - LevorotatoryL - literl - liquidLa - LanthanumLA - Linoleic AcidLA - Lactic AcidLA - Lewis Acid LAE - Lyman Alpha EmitterLAB - Linear Alkyl BenzeneLASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of RadiationLB - Lewis Baselb - poundLBNL - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLC - Liquid CooledLC - Liquid ChromatographyLC - Liquid CrystalLC-MS Liquid Chromatography with Mass SpectroscopyLCB - Long Chain BaseLCP - Le Chateliers PrincipleLCS - Laboratory Control SampleLD - Lethal DoseLD50 - Lethal Dose—50%LDF - London Dispersion ForceLDP - Low-Density PolyethyleneLEOGER - Losing Electron Oxidation/Gaining Electron ReductionLEP - Large Electron-Positron colliderLF - Low FrequencyLFL - Lower Flammable LimitLG - Leaving GroupLGB - Lotte Gas BoilerLH - Low HeatLH - Light HydrocarbonLH2 - Liquid HydrogenLHC - Large Hadron ColliderLHH - Light, Heat, HumidityLi - LithiumLIBS - Laser-Induced Breakdown SpectroscopyLiP - Lithium Poly mer batteryLiq - LiquidLLD - Liquid Level DetectionLLE - Liquid-Liquid EquilibriumLLNL - Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLMA - Low Moisture AbsorptionLME - Liquid Metal EmbrittlementLMH - Liquid HydrogenLN - Liquid Nitrogenln - natural logarithmLNG - Liquid Natural GasLO - Localized OrbitalsLOD - Loss On DryingLOQ - Limit Of QuantificationLOX - Liquid OxygenLP - Liquid PetroleumLP - Liquid PropaneLPA - Liquid Pressure AmplifierLPG - Liquid Petroleum GasLq - LiquidLqd - LiquidLr - LawrenciumLSE - Low Surface EnergyLSD - Lysergic Acid DiethylamideLT - Less ThanLt - lightLT - Low TemperatureLTE - Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium LTG - Liquid To GasLTOEL - Long Term Occupational Exposure LimitLu - LutetiumLUMO - Lowest Unoccupied Molecular OrbitalLV - Low VolatilityLVS - Large Volume SamplerLw - Lawrencium (Changed to Lr)LWC - Light Water ContentLWG - Liquid Water in Grams

Evaluate the claim that the soul is distinct from the body...

Q.2 exam paper June 2011 Philosophy 2. Evaluate the claim that the soul is distinct from the body. There are many different views that the soul is distinct from the body of which appose this claim but at the same time there are those who agree with it. A famous Greek Philosopher named Plato was a duellist who believed that the soul is indeed distinct from the body. Plato believed that the soul is more important than the body as the body is apart of the empirical world and like all objects is subject to change (in a constant motion of change). Plato said that the body and its senses cannot be a reliable guide to the truth as it did not pre – exist in his idea of â€Å"the world of forms† and so the body can only seek truth from†¦show more content†¦Therefore no soul can be present without the body as the soul gives the body its structure and function; this means it is necessary for them to exist as one. Once the body dies the soul must die as they are dependant of each other. A current day philosopher name Richard Dawkins completely discredited that the soul even exists. He believed that there is no non-physical part of a person and that nothing exists apart from matter. Dawkins believed that some people would argue that consciousness was the soul, however he argued that consciousness was just a physical phenomena so there cannot be a soul. This is due to the idea that everything is physical which means conciseness cannot be separated from the brain. The reason that we have self awareness is due to our bodies being survival machines and so it would be seen as an evolutionary advantage to develop this self awareness. Overall it would seem that the idea that our soul is separate to the body would seem illogical. This is because the argument that consciousness and self awareness along with the idea that our bodies are physical phenomenons as a whole which is not separate seems to make more logical sense. Through the development of science we can see more and more commonly cases where evolution disproves the idea of any external factors being the motions behind our bodies. Consciousness and self awareness can be seen to be no more than electro chemicalsShow MoreRelatedThe Mortality Rate Of Humans1575 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognize that death is the terminal point in the life of a physical body. In a moment, a person s memory, personality, and experiences all seem to disappear. It is foolish for people to live a life unprepared for the inevitable where one s existence ceases to exist. In fact, the mortality rate of humans is 100 percent. Perhaps some essential part of people survive death and lives forever beyond the grave. The truth can come from two choices- speculation or revelation. Many people believe in theRead MoreThe Mind Body And Body1341 Words   |  6 Pages The Mind-Body problem arises to Philosophy when we wonder what is the relationship between the mental states, like beliefs and thoughts, and the physical states, like water, human bodies and tables. For the purpose of this paper I will consider physical states as human bodies because we are thinking beings, while the other material things have no mental processes. The question whether mind and body are the same thing, somehow related, or two distinct things not related, has been asked throughoutRead MoreThe Puzzle Of Philosophy : Is There A Self? Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesherself, including the person s attributes and who and what the self is (Baumeister, 1999). Self, in fact, is the way someone thinks about, evaluate, or perceive himself. Actually, being aware of yourself is literally having a concept of yourself. One of the facts that force me to admit that there is a self is that sense of being separate and distinct from people around me even my parents which I share their blood and genes. This fact proved that each one has his own unique self, each one had hisRead MoreAn Investigation Into Aristotelian Functionalism1751 Words   |  8 Pagesthis question is resolved, we will evaluate to what degree his view reliably accounts for a valid philosophy of mind. Before we can explore the degree to which Aristotle’s philosophy aligns with that of modern functionalists, we must first account for the philosophy of modern functionalism. Principally, functionalists believe that mental states (e.g., beliefs, desires, feeling pain) are solely constituted by their function. This is their solution to the â€Å"mind/body problem†. Cartesian dualists claimedRead MoreEssay about The Distinction Between Mind and Body2170 Words   |  9 PagesEvaluate the argument that Descartes makes based on clear and distinct perception for the distinction between mind and body In arguing for the distinction between mind and body, Descartes seeks to show that the two are independent substances and can exist separately. It will be useful to outline Descartes’ argument based on clear and distinct perception by listing his premises and conclusion. The essay will then analyse each premise in turn, arguing that the argument fails because his premisesRead MoreReaffirming Jesus : How Convictions Challenged By Conflicting Evidence Yield Stronger Beliefs1585 Words   |  7 PagesDaniel Barabino Jesus through the Centuries Dr. Millicent Feske 5 April 2017 Reaffirming Jesus: How Convictions Challenged by Conflicting Evidence Yield Stronger Beliefs Jesus has been presented to me in a consistent way from my youth beginning in kindergarten through my high school experience. My initial understanding of Jesus is that he is a fully human, fully divine savior that serves as a teacher for his historical peers through contemporary times. The conceptions and understanding I haveRead MoreJustice and Morality in Platos Republic3158 Words   |  13 PagesJustice and Morality in Platos Republic Explain and evaluate the reasons given by Plato in the Republic, to support the contention that justice is superior to, or more beneficial than, injustice? 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The heart is the â€Å"home of the personal life,† and hence a man is designated, according to his heart, wise (1 Kings 3:12, etc.), pure (Ps. 24:4; Matt. 5:8, etc.), upright and righteous (Gen. 20:5, 6; Ps. 11:2; 78:72), pious and good (Luke 8:15), etc. In these and such passages the word â€Å"soul† could not be substituted for â€Å"heartRead MoreEssay on Drawing The Boundaries Of The Ethical Self3170 Words   |  13 PagesDrawing The Boundaries Of The Ethical Self This paper evaluates some philosophical views regarding the self who is an ethical deliberator and agent-specifically the traditional atomistic individualist self and the expanded biocentric self of deep ecology. The paper then presents an alternative manner of thinking about the ethical self which avoids some of the philosophical difficulties of the foregoing views. This alternative draws on the recent work by Val Plumwood and Donna Haraway. Haraways

Hamlet Essay Deception Example For Students

Hamlet Essay Deception A ghost visits the first scene and approaches two guards. They assume it is the late king of Denmark. They approach Hamlet about it and Hamlet wants to meet this apparition to talk with him. Hamlet is deeply upset with the new King because it is his uncle and he married his mother Gertrude. So the next day, Hamlet goes to meet the Ghost at the usual time that the ghost comes out. The ghost does turn out to be his father and they go to be alone while the ghost tells Hamlet how he dies. It tells him that his own brother murdered him, Hamlets uncle, by a poison put into his ear. Hamlet becomes so upset and turns crazy later in the story. In the meantime, Ophelia, Hamlets lover, is told by her brother Laertes to keep away from Hamlet that he is not worth it. We will write a custom essay on Hamlet Deception specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Then her father Polonius becomes angry with her and tells her she is not allowed to see Hamlet anymore. So she obeys her father. Hamlet becomes mad and uncontrollable in what he says and does. He doesnt like the fact that Polonius is keeping Ophelia away from him. So the King and Queen blame his madness to his being in love with Ophelia and not being able to see her anymore. The King sends out for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to come and keep company to Hamlet and maybe see what is it that is bothering him. Hamlet schedules a play to be put on for the King and Queen. He wants the theme to portray a reenactment of his uncle did to his father to see if there is guilt in the Kings eyes. Hamlet is doubting the ghost and thinks that maybe it was sent from hell and through his own melancholy made it seem as though the blame of his fathers death should be put on his uncle.The play will determine whether the apparition was real and telling the truth or not.This act starts off with a confrontation with Ophelia and Hamlet. They have an argument and I think that Hamlet kind of dumped her. I dont think that he trusts her that much anymore. Before the play Hamlet tells Horatio, a good friend of Hamlets, to watch the King as the scene of when the King dies and see if there is any guilt in his eyes. The play starts and Hamlet keeps interrupting it with him talking out loud. After the first scene Hamlet gets up and speaks about the poison but was only trying to refer it to the play at the same time to make the King uncomfortable and he succeeds. The King stops the play and the Queen is extremely upset because there was a mention of a Queen and her quick recovery of her husbands death in the play. Polonius goes to Hamlet when everyone has left and tells him his mother is calling for him. The King meets with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern again and tells him that no one is safe with Hamlet being there and that he was going to be sent away to England with them. In another scene Hamlet goes to meet his mother and Polonius goes to secretly hide in the Queens chamber to make sure Hamlet does not try to do anything to her. They have an argument and from behind the curtains Polonius yells for help before Hamlet could do anything to the queen. It takes Hamlet by surprise and kills Polonius without knowing who he is first. He acts like nothing happened and the ghost appears again except that the Queen doesnt see it. So she really is convinced that he is mad. .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366 , .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366 .postImageUrl , .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366 , .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366:hover , .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366:visited , .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366:active { border:0!important; } .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366:active , .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366 .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50313b23fe75f6052cbf90df4eac7366:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rates of Reaction Essay The ghost leaves and Hamlet runs away with the body before anybody gets him. Hamlet is sent to England. Ophelia goes completely crazy ever since her father is killed. They put her away in the castle in a room that would drive anybody crazier then they already are. Laertes comes home from school to kill the King because he blames him for the killing of hiss father. The King finally puts some sense into Laertes and he sees his sister and what she has become. Laertes and the King meet and they make a plot to kill Hamlet.Then the Queen brings news to Laertes that his sister, Ophelia, escaped her cell and killed herself by drowning herself in a well. This act opens up with 2 gravediggers preparing thew grave for Ophelia. Hamlet was due back on this day and he was just passing through while they were digging her grave. He had no idea that the grave was for her until the King, Queen, Laertes and others came to bury her. Hamlet comes forward and reveals himself from the darkness. They all go to the castle and prepare for a dual between Laertes and Hamlet. I am not sure on what the winner gets but Hamlet won the first hit. The King then throws a pearl into the cup in which the winner drinks from. The King jumps at the chance that Hamlet won because he poisoned the cup. Hamlet decides to try once more with Laertes and wins again. So when he went to drink from the cup decides to drink for him not knowing that it is poisoned and so the venom infects her. On the side Laertes is outraged and throws a hit to Hamlet and slices him with the sword. The queen is dying and she figures out why and says that the King poisoned her cup. Then she dies and Hamlet goes for the King and makes him drink from the same cup. The King then dies. Then from the stab wound inflicted by Hamlet, Laertes dies but before he dies he tells that the King was behind the whole conspiracy of poisoning Hamlet. Then Hamlet dies. As all this is happening, Norway was overtaking the castle. Fortinbras, the prince of Norway, comes in and sees what happened and decides to carry Hamlet out as a soldier and he is buried with honor. I liked this story but it was so hard to understand what was happening. I read and reread passages to understand it and still there are some that I dont understand. After I read Hamlet I was so sad with which the way it ended. Almost everyone dies. It was tragic indeed. But I have always liked Shakespeare and it amazes me how he plays with the word and the symbolism for everything is incredible. I thought that the story kind of dragged towards the end, maybe because it was so long to me. I thought that Hamlet was kind of crazy and he seemed kind of loud and obnoxious but who wouldnt be after your uncle kills your father. I would probably go crazy also. I also felt so sorry for how Ophelia turned out to be so crazy. I liked her and I thought that it would have done both Hamlet and Ophelia to get married to each other and go away. I really enjoyed this play and seeing it in theatre would be so much better since it brings the characters to life as I have seen when I went to see Macbeth in theatre. Bibliography:

The Cost Of Living Essays - Bengali People, Arundhati Roy

The Cost Of Living Question #1 With the 3600(A. Roy 16) hydroelectric dams either going up or already built in India, there will undoubtedly be over 33,000,000 people displaced by the big dam's reservoirs (16), most of which are Adivasi or Dalits (18), natives of India. Without a proper resettlement program in place, many are left with no place to go. Much of the land that's needed for the reservoirs was confiscated, scammed away, or bullied into being sold by the government. And what land the government did buy, not everyone received the money they were supposed to. The resettlement programs that are in place, are best described by Roy ? I can warrant that the quality of their accommodation is worse than in any concentration of the Third Reich?(20). From what I gather from Roy, these resettlement sites sound pretty inhumane and I'm really surprised actions like that of the Indian government aren't under fire of the U.N. Granted this doesn't seem to be the most publicized nor well documented ongoing incident. As for the Nuclear weapon problem that faces India, Roy didn't seem to address it in great detail. And if she did, I read right through it. With lack of proper storage facilities and the threat of contaminating India's extraordinarily expensive drinking water. It might be wise decision for the Indian government to either discontinue their nuclear weapons program or properly address these issues. Question #2 I guess I really have no other choice but to agree with Roy's opinions. Maybe if we were given some type of written response from the Indian government or anything from a different viewpoint. Anyone that has read this book, without any outside information, would have to have something against the Adivasi or seen something in the book that probably 99% percent of the people that have read it missed to disagree with Roy on the problems in India. The only people profiting from the dams are in the government, part of World Bank, Jai Prakash Associates, and anyone with enough money that needs the water. Moreover, it doesn't appear that any of the rural citizens of India will be sharing in any of the profits or even get water for quite some time. Question #3 The ?cautious? equation Roy calculates on pg. 17 that estimates 33,000,000 people have been displaced by big dams is a huge strong point in Roy's argument. To add insult to injury, the people that are even lucky enough to get resettled, are put in tin shacks on inhospitable land, a far cry from what there used to. Before the dams, the displaced were self-sufficient and doing all right for the lifestyle they led. All of the evidence Roy offers about the Indian government points to a total disregard for human life or a great degree of incompetence. Either way, something drastic must happen before anything is really going to change. To be honest, I failed to recognize any weaknesses in Roy's arguments. I'm not trying to say there aren't any, but I didn't find any. Question #4 I chose to label as coming Roy from a social conflict perspective. I basically did this through the process of elimination. She is definitely not a structural-functionalist. She was certainly not trying to be objective, in the loosest sense of the word, while writing this book. ?This is another of the state's tested strategies. It kills you with committees.?, she sounds pretty involved in that sentence while describing one of the committees suppose to conduct an independent review. Her equations, monetary reports, and percentages give her a little symbolic interaction flavor, but she definitely is more into the way her people are being treated Bibliography The cost of living by andretti roy

Ch 2 Observational Methods Underestimate The Strength Of Competition Among Plant Species Essay Example

Ch 2: Observational Methods Underestimate The Strength Of Competition Among Plant Species Paper Context In order to understand the biological causes of plant diversity and predict the functional consequences of losing plant diversity, we need to accurately measure the ecological processes that underpin our understanding. Species interactions like competition are the main deterministic forces that structure plant communities. The strength of interactions within and between species determines the types and number of species that stably coexist in diverse communities, and also the relative abundances of each species. Species interactions also drive the effects of diversity on ecosystem functioning by altering the per capita performance of species within the community. The community-level properties that determine ecosystem functions are the product of which species are present in the community and the interaction between those species. Therefore, in order to develop a predictive understanding of how plant diversity influences the functioning of real-world ecosystems, we need a predictive understanding of species interactions in natural plant communities. And in order to have a predictive understanding of species interactions, we need tried and tested methods for measuring species interactions, which consistently and accurately predict how plant communities respond when diversity is lost. Here, I show that existing methods underestimate the impact of diversity loss on the remaining plant community. Chapter Summary We will write a custom essay sample on Ch 2: Observational Methods Underestimate The Strength Of Competition Among Plant Species specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ch 2: Observational Methods Underestimate The Strength Of Competition Among Plant Species specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ch 2: Observational Methods Underestimate The Strength Of Competition Among Plant Species specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Competition among neighbouring plants for shared resources is one of the key ecological forces that shapes plant communities. But measuring competition has always been a challenge, leaving controversy over the relative role of competition between species. Observational methods for measuring plant competition have become popular. This approach assumes that we can infer competitive effects from natural variation in the densities of co-occurring species. The effect of competition between species is quantified by predicting how the population size of each species would respond to competitor removal. However, this approach remains untested. We tested the predictive accuracy of this method by combining observational and experimental approaches. We grew four sand-dune annual species in monoculture and mixture. Their local compositions were left to naturally develop, making our data relevant to natural communities. We performed an observational analysis on the mixtures and predicted how each species would perform in the absence of competitors. We compared these predictions with our independent test: the monocultures, where each species was grown in isolation. We predicted that competitive ability increased with seed size, a well-known aspect of competition between these species. We occasionally predicted strong responses to competitor removal. Even so, we consistently underpredicted the effect of interspecific competition, for most species by at least half that observed. The method failed our test so we should infer competition from natural communities with care. We suggest that the method underpredicted the effect of competitor removal because the data lack information on fundamental niches. Species are observed after they have been confined to realised niches by competition, so we lack the information to predict how they will respond to competitive release. Introduction Competition for shared limiting resources is the fundamental assumption that underpins community ecology (Darwin 1859; Tansley 1917; Clements et al. 1929; Gause 1934; Macarthur Levins 1967; Harper 1977; Grime 1979; Tilman 1982, 1988; HilleRisLambers et al. 2004, 2012; Adler et al. 2010; Craine Dybzinski 2013). By understanding the nature of competition between species we can understand how they coexist (Chesson 2000), as coexistence requires that species limit themselves more than they limit others (Adler et al. 2007). This is the basis of the ecological niche concept, in which species are expected to evolve in a direction that will minimise interspecific competition, otherwise competitive exclusion is the inevitable outcome (Roughgarden 1976; Rees et al. 2001; Chase Leibold 2003; Le Gac et al. 2012; Rabosky 2013). Yet, despite this clear theoretical expectation, the nature of competition in real plant communities has always been controversial (Grime 1963, 1973; Connell 1983; Tilman 1987; Goldberg et al. 1999; Connolly et al. 2001; Silvertown 2004; Craine 2005; Levine HilleRisLambers 2009; Rajaniemi et al. 2009; Rees 2013; Trinder et al. 2013). While any farmer or gardener can confirm that competition depresses plant performance, it is less clear how best to measure the extent and nature of this competitive suppression in natural communities. One obvious way is to add or remove plants and measure the response of their neighbours (de Wit 1960; Clatworthy Harper 1962; Silander Antonovics 1982). While seemingly straightforward, removal experiments have been heavily criticised because, among other things, species respond over different timescales (Putwain Harper 1970; Allen Forman 1976). Hence, the immediate response to the removal of a particular species might differ greatly from a longer term outcome. Another common method is to experimentally grow focal plants surrounded by different numbers and types of neighbours. Such experiments often reveal that interspecific competition is strong and asymmetric (Goldberg Barton 1992; Gurevitch et al. 1992; but see Law Watkinson 1989). But it is not clear how to translate these measurements into the field, where densities and conditions could be very different. In short, all direct manipulative methods for measuring the strength of competition among plant species have been criticised, as either methodologically flawed or because they take place under unrealistic ecological conditions (Connell 1983; Connolly 1986; Wilson 1995; Freckleton Watkinson 1997). Partly in response to these criticisms, plant ecologists have turned instead to observational approaches (Rees et al. 1996; Law et al. 1997; Freckleton Watkinson 1999, 2000). Rather than manipulating the system, observational methods exploit natural variation in density and species composition found within real plant communities and can be used to estimate individual-level competitive effects. For example, in neighbourhood modelling, detailed spatial maps of all plants allow focal plant size or fecundity to be modelled as a function of the number and identity of close neighbours. Using this method, estimates of individual-level competition coefficients have been obtained in both artificial and natural settings (Mack Harper 1977; Coomes et al. 2002; Turnbull et al. 2004; Stoll Newbery 2005). Alternatively, counting the numbers of plants in permanent quadrats allow researchers to track changes in population sizes from year to year at small spatial scales. Changes in population size between years can then be modelled as a function of the number of neighbours, again allowing competition coefficients to be estimated (Pacala Silander 1990; Rees et al. 1996). The pattern of interspecific interactions estimated from such observational analyses is mixed (Law et al. 1997; Freckleton et al. 2000; Stoll Newbery 2005; Martorell Freckleton 2014). But many studies have found that interactions between competing species in the field are extremely weak (Rees et al. 1996; Turnbull et al. 2004; Mutshinda et al. 2009; Comita et al. 2010; Martorell Freckleton 2014). However, this result throws up a problem. If competition between species is really so weak as to be negligible, then species would show little or no response to the removal of others. This was best illustrated by Martorell Freckleton (2014) who parameterised a population model for each species in their community separately and then quantified the effect of removing the remaining species. Their results showed that very little response was expected overall—though some species showed positive or negative responses, and rarer species seemed most suppressed by competitors. But this overall result, in turn, suggests that plant communities are not fundamentally competitive, a result clearly at odds with most experimental work. So are the weak interspecific interactions estimated using observational data simply some artefact of the method, or are plant communities in nature truly non-competitive? To resolve this paradox it is essential to combine observational methods for estimating competition coefficients with an independent test of model predictions within the same system. Here we present results from an experiment conducted under semi-natural conditions in which a community of annual plants was established and 2.27 allowed to grow and reproduce for several years. The communities were subdivided into small cells to which we could fit models of population growth using observed cell counts taken from the last two years of the experiment. After fitting models and estimating competition coefficients, we predicted how each species would respond to the removal of the others, and similar to Martorell Freckleton (2014), we predicted very little response to removal. However, we could then compare these predicted population sizes with those of monocultures of each species established at the same time. These comparisons revealed that the effect of interspecific competition had been grossly underestimated. Our work therefore reveals that when observational methods uncover weak interspecific interaction coefficients within natural communities, individual species might still suffer from strong interspecific suppression. Methods Overall approach Our overall approach is summarised in Figure 2.1. To test the accuracy of predictions made using observational approaches, we first needed a suitable dataset with which to fit appropriate models. In this case, we had established semi-natural communities consisting of seven species of sand-dune annuals subdivided into small cells (see Experiment). Population sizes of all species were recorded in two consecutive years. For each of the five common species, we then fitted a population model in which changes in local population size from one year to the next are assumed to be a function of both its own density and the densities of other species. Depending on the details of model structure (see Models) interactions between species can be positive as well as negative. Figure 2.1. The method for estimating the effect of interspecific competition. Observational data on the population sizes of each species in a community is collected over multiple years. For each species, the change in population size from one year to the next is modelled as a function of its own density and the densities of other species. Once models are parameterised, they can be used to predict the population size of each species when: (i) interacting species are present at their observed abundances, and (ii) interacting species are removed. These two predictions are compared with one another to quantify the effect of competition. Once the models are fitted, we can predict the effect of competitors on the focal species by setting population sizes of competitor species to zero and re-calculating the predicted population size of each focal species (Martorell Freckleton 2014). But to test whether these predictions are indeed accurate, we require additional data. In this case, our experiment included monoculture plots, which had been established at the same time. We therefore compared our predictions about the expected effect of the removal of competitors with observations of population sizes from monoculture plots (see Test). Experiment Seven species of sand-dune annuals were grown for four years (2010–13) in a common garden experiment in Zà ¼rich, Switzerland. The study species and their seed sizes were: Saxifraga tridactylites L. (0.006 mg), Arabidopsis thaliana [L.] Heynh. (0.025 mg), Cerastium diffusum Pers. (0.045 mg), Arenaria serpyllifolia L. (0.088 mg), Veronica arvensis L. (0.112 mg), Myosotis discolor Pers. (0.213 mg), and Valerianella locusta [L.] Laterr. (0.851 mg). They germinate in autumn and flower in spring. We analysed data for only five of these species, because Veronica and Valerianella were too rare. The experiment consisted of 80 (1 x 1 m) plots. A concrete lattice was inserted so that each plot consisted of 56 (7 x 7 cm) individual cells filled with a low-nutrient mixture of sand and compost (Figure 2.2). The lattice walls were sufficiently thick (2.5 cm) that plants in adjacent cells never overlapped aboveground. Thus, we assumed that plants within cells competed for resources, while plants in adjacent cells did not. Plants dispersed seeds freely within plots, but barriers to dispersal prevented seed movement between plots. Subdividing the plots into cells provided the fine-grained information necessary for parameterising our models. We grew eight monocultures of each species and 24 mixtures containing all seven species. Figure 2.2. Example of an experimental plot, divided into 56 cells by a concrete grid. This is a mixture plot photographed immediately after seven cells were harvested in 2011. In order to create variation in density, a gradient of disturbance was applied across plots. This facilitated the fitting of nonlinear population models, which is often hampered by a lack of information at low density (Law Watkinson 1987; Rees et al. 1996). Plots were disturbed by removing all plants from a fixed proportion of cells at the end of every growing season, just before the plants set seed. In mixture plots we applied five levels of disturbance: 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 87.5%. In the monocultures there were only eight plots per species, so we imposed only three disturbance levels: 12.5%, 50%, and 87.5%. We selected which cells to destroy in a stratified random way, destroying a fixed number of cells from each row in a plot grid. In 2012 and 2013 there was a highly significant negative relationship between disturbance and average density per cell, indicating that the disturbance treatment was successful in creating a density gradient (Supplementary Material SA1). The experiment was established from seed in 2010 using a constant total density of 1000 seeds per plot. The number of individuals in all cells was recorded at the end of the growing season for three years (2011–13), although only occupancy was recorded from the mixture plots in 2011. The transition 2012–13 is therefore the most completely sampled and was used for the model fitting. The end-season biomass of each species was estimated by destructively harvesting and weighing seven cells from each plot during application of the disturbance treatment. Models To ensure that our conclusions were not dependent on model choices, we fitted three models with varying assumptions about the nature of species interactions and the nature of dispersal within plots. We either assumed that: (i) all seeds remain in their natal cells, or (ii) some fraction of seeds (m) remain in the natal cell while the rest (1 – m) join a global seed rain. The general form of model 1 (eqn 2.1) is: where Nt+1,i,c is the population size in year t+1 of focal species i in cell c. The population growth rate of species i in the absence of competition, ri, is modified by density-dependent interactions in the following way: where ÃŽ ±ij is the per capita effect of species j on species i. Thus, the first term in eqn 2.1 describes the expected number of individuals of species i in year t+1 that originated in the natal cell. Similarly, the average value of Fc among the cells within a plot can be calculated using: where p is the total number of cells within a plot. Thus, the second term in eqn 2.1 describes the expected number of immigrants arriving from other cells within the plot. Model 2 (eqn 2.4) contains only the first, within-cell-growth term from eqn 2.1, and thus assumes that no seeds disperse outside their natal cells: Model 3 (eqn 2.5) has a different structure. In this case we assume that within cells population growth is density-dependent, but is only sensitive to the density of conspecifics: where q is an index of cell quality. Other species affect the focal species by modifying the quality of cells: This cell quality index is a logistic function of the densities of other species in year t+1 and their per capita effects on the focal species, ÃŽ ²j. For each focal species we estimate a basal cell quality, ÃŽ ²0, and the quality of each cell can deviate above or below this value depending upon the density of other species present in the same year. Model 3 allows species interactions to be positive as well as negative (eqn 2.6)—in contrast to models 1 and 2 where they are constrained to be negative. Positive interaction coefficients might indicate facilitation. But they might simply indicate that the seedling densities of both the neighbour and focal species tend to be positively correlated, perhaps because they share a preference for the same types of cells. All models were fitted using rjags v3-14 (Plummer 2014) in R v3.1.2 (R Core Team 2014). Each model assumed that Nt+1 was Poisson distributed. To estimate the competition coefficients we specified non-informative priors, assuming they had a normal distribution (ÃŽ ¼ = 0, ÏÆ'2 = 1000). Competition coefficients were constrained to be positive—i.e. competitive—by applying an exponential transformation. A common concern when parameterising these models is that the competition coefficients and the population growth rates in the absence of competition (ri) can be correlated, because they trade off against each other (Rees et al. 1996). This can produce an unstable estimation process, whereby both parameters increase or decrease together and yet give an equally good model fit. To avoid this instability we informed the estimation process on meaningful values of ri by specifying an informative prior for each species that used the best information we had on their maximum capacity for growth. We 2.34 specified these informative priors by assuming a gamma distribution with an expected value equal to the average 2012–13 population growth observed in high-disturbance monocultures (gamma: shape = mean 2012–13 growth; rate = 1; E[X] = shape/rate). When fitting model 3 to Myosotis, we fixed ÃŽ ²0 at zero (basal cell quality = 0.5) to stabilise the estimation process, because there were significant trade-offs between ri and ÃŽ ²0. We ran all models with three sampling chains. We ensured each model had sufficiently converged on the target distribution by running an adaptation period of 40000 samples (plus 10000 burn-in). Following adaptation we monitored 10000 samples from the chains, thinning to every 10th sample to reduce autocorrelation— giving us 1000 samples from each posterior distribution. We checked that the chains had converged by plotting the sampling chains, posterior densities and chain autocorrelation. We used Gelman plots to check that chains had converged on the same target distribution (Brooks Gelman 1998). We also checked models by: (i) testing that they can recover known parameters from simulated data, (ii) examining residual diagnostic plots, (iii) plotting the model fit, and (iv) comparing simulated and observed data to look for systematic differences between models and observations (Gelman Hill 2007). Predicted data qualitatively resembled the observed data, although the observed data often showed a longer tail of right skewness. Finally, we compared model performance using DIC (Plummer 2002). To facilitate comparisons among models, all models were fitted only to cells where Nt was positive. Analysis We examined interaction matrices from the parameterised models to look for patterns in competitive effects. We then used the parameterised models to quantify the effect of competition at the population level, by predicting population sizes in the presence and then in the absence of all other species (by setting populations sizes of other species to zero). We constructed intervals on the predicted population sizes without competitors from posterior samples within each cell. We averaged across these cell-level predictions to get the median predicted population size without competitors and its 95th percentile range. These median and interval values were then expressed relative to the average predicted population size when competitors are present. The predicted effect of competitor removal is thus the ratio between the focal population sizes with and without competitors (Nt+1 without / Nt+1 with). We assessed the observed extent of competitive release by regressing the population sizes in 2013 on the population sizes in 2012 for both mixtures and monocultures. The slope of the regression line through the origin is therefore the population growth rate. We tested whether there was a significant effect of mixture vs monoculture on the growth rate of each species. If the regression slope in monoculture is, on average, steeper than in mixture, then there is a clear positive effect of removing competitors on population growth. In 2012 the range of population sizes in mixtures and monocultures was similar, so it was easy to compare treatments. The observed effect of competitor removal is thus the ratio between monoculture and mixture slopes (monoculture / mixture). Test Finally, to test whether our predictions matched our independent observations, we compared the predicted effect of competitor removal with the observed effect. We described each model’s predictive accuracy by expressing the predicted effect as a 2.36 percentage of the observed effect. We showed the credible range in each model’s predictive accuracy by using the interval for its predicted effect, which captures uncertainty in the estimation process. Results Models Model 1 was the preferred model for three species—although for two species all models performed equally well (Supplementary Material SA1)—hence we focus on results from model 1. The competitive effects estimated by model 1 were asymmetric and structured by seed size (Figure 2.3). If a species had large seeds then it usually had a strong competitive effect on those with smaller seeds. In addition, for most species the strength of intraspecific competition was greater than the strength of competitive suppression by smaller seeded species, but weaker than competitive suppression by larger seeded species (Figure 2.3). Within the context of this seed-size pattern, Myosotis is anomalous. The model estimates that it is strongly affected by several of the smaller seeded species. This seed-size pattern was even more pronounced when the model did not include dispersal (model 2, see Supplementary Material SA1). When we allowed for positive interactions, however, the pattern disappeared: instead all interactions were scattered around zero, as many positive as there were negative (model 3). Broadly speaking, all models estimated the effects of interactions with high precision. Figure 2.3. Competition is asymmetric and related to seed size. The competitive effects of interacting species (columns) on the population size of each focal species (rows). The highlighted diagonal are intraspecific competitive effects. Weak competitive effects are pale and stronger effects are darker (effects are log-scaled, so negative values describe more neutral effects). Species are ordered left to right and bottom to top by increasing seed size. Broadly speaking, competitive effects are linked to seed size, with large-seeded species exerting stronger effects. Model 2 shows even stronger seed-size structure (Supplementary Material SA1). Analysis Using these parameterised models we calculated the predicted effect of competitor removal within each cell (Figure 2.4). The seed-size structure of per capita interactions in Figure 2.3 is also clear in the population-level effects (Figure 2.4). For Saxifraga and Arabidopsis, model 1 predicted at least a doubling in population size in 50% of cells and they are predicted to increase by five-fold or more in 10% of cells. In contrast, larger seeded species are predicted to show a weaker response to competitor removal in most cells (75% of the time their ratio response is close to 1, i.e. no change). Myosotis is predicted to respond more strongly on average than Arenaria or Cerastium, reflecting the relatively strong competitive effects of other species on Myosotis (Figure 2.3). Model 2 predicts smaller population-level responses of Myosotis, better conforming to the trend that large-seeded species respond less strongly to the removal of small-seeded competitors (Supplementary Material S A1). Figure 2.4. Population-level effects of removing competitors. Distributions of the predicted effect of competitor removal at the cell level. An effect size of 2 means that the population size is predicted to double in response to competitor removal. In most cells the predicted effect is small but in some it is large. The x-axis has been truncated for clarity (removing 1% of cases). Species differences reflect the strength of competition shown in Figure 2.3. Predictions from model 2 show an even stronger seed-size structure (Supplementary Material SA1). For the observed effects of competitor removal, there was a significant three-way interaction between species, diversity level and density (F4,140 = 3.4, p = 0.01). Inspection of the slopes revealed that in four out of five cases, the slope in the monoculture is much steeper than that in mixture: for most species, population growth at least doubled when grown in monoculture (Figure 2.5). The only exception was Myosotis, whose population growth was higher in the mixture; although when we used biomass data rather than population sizes, the population growth in monoculture and mixture was the same (Supplementary Material SA1). Myosotis may have responded differently to interspecific competition because it was competitively dominant in mixtures. The hierarchy for average cell biomass in mixture was Myosotis Arenaria Cerastium Saxifraga Arabidopsis—broadly in decreasing order of seed size. It is clear that species densities are reduced by interspecific competition, especially i f they have smaller seeds. Test Comparison of the predicted (Figure 2.4) and observed effects (Figure 2.5) revealed that the models made poor predictions about the population-level response to the removal of competitors (Figure 2.6). Models consistently underpredicted the effect of interspecific competition in four cases, but overpredicted in the case of Myosotis (Figure 2.6). The three different models had similar predictive accuracies, despite differences in the way they describe species interactions (Figure 2.6). Figure 2.5. Population growth rate is higher in monocultures than in mixtures. The plot-level average cell population sizes in 2013 (Nt+1) versus 2012 (Nt) for each species. Blue dots show monocultures, red dots show mixtures. The regression lines, fitted through the origin, show the average population growth rate. Species are ordered by increasing seed size. Population growth rates were higher in monocultures than mixtures for four species. The exception was Myosotis, which was competitively dominant. In terms of population size Myosotis performed much better in the mixtures, but biomass data show no difference between diversity treatments for this species (Supplementary Material SA1). Figure 2.6. The effect of competition is consistently underpredicted. We assessed how accurate our predictions were by comparing the predicted effects shown in Figure 2.4 with the observed effects shown in Figure 2.5. Predictive accuracy is the predicted effect shown as a percentage of the observed effect (log-scaled). All three models behaved similarly. 2.41 Discussion We used tried and tested techniques to fit community models to observationalstyle data garnered in an experimental context. The models appeared to capture the relative competitive abilities of species, as the interaction matrices obtained are consistent with previous work (Rees 1995; Turnbull et al. 1999, 2004). This result, and other diagnostic tests, encourage us to believe that we fitted sensible models to the data. We then used the models to predict what would happen to each species once competitors were removed. Uniquely, we were able to provide an independent test of the model predictions, as the experiment included monoculture plots in which each species was free from interspecific competition. The models made poor predictions about the expected extent of competitive release. For most species the extent of competitive release was severely underpredicted, suggesting that we had underestimated the strength of interspecific interactions in multi-species communities. Why did we underestimate the strength of interspecific competition? The first possibility is that we fitted poor models, but this seems unlikely. The competition coefficients were well-estimated with small standard errors, from independent sampling chains that converged on the same posteriors. Model uncertainty was very low, reflected by the narrow intervals in Figure 2.6. The models were a good fit to the observed data. Distributions of cell population sizes in data simulated from the models closely resembled that of the observed data, further indicating that there was no systematic bias. The three models we fitted described species interactions differently and yet all poorly predicted the effect of interactions in the same way. Our test was fair, as it expressed the same effect as our predictions—the mean change in population size in response to competitor removal—and did so over the same range of data. The wide variation in observed data meant that we avoided potential underestimation due to observing species only at high densities (Law Watkinson 1989). These reasons lead us to believe that our analysis was not at fault for underestimating the strength of interspecific competition, but instead the underlying problem is more profound. The second possibility is that models which estimate the strength of competition in natural communities simply cannot be used to predict the effects of species loss. This might happen because species in natural communities are already confined by competition to realised niches. The fundamental niche represents all conditions in which a species can exist, whilst the realised niche is those conditions in which the species actually exists in the presence of interacting species (Chase Leibold 2003). If species are confined to parts of the habitat where they tend to compete best, then the strength of interspecific competition, as assessed by these methods, will be weak. In contrast, once competitor species are removed the remaining species may be able to expand their niche—assuming that their fundamental niche is wider than their realised niche. But without information on fundamental niches we cannot know the extent that species will respond to competitor removal. Therefore, to predict species responses from natural communities is to predict beyond the range of available information. This explanation for weakly interacting natural communities has previously been called the ghost of competition past (Connell 1980; Law Watkinson 1989). It may explain why interspecific competition measured in natural communities is often weaker (Turnbull et al. 2004; Stoll Newbery 2005; Comita et al. 2010) than 2.43 that measured in experiments (Gurevitch et al. 1992). Our results suggest this is a general problem that is likely to be present in any analysis using similar principles. Further simulation modelling is required to confirm this idea. What are the implications? Ecologists have argued long and hard about the best way to measure competition; in particular, because the results of experimental work conflict with direct measurements of competitive interactions in natural communities. Our study potentially provides a resolution to this debate. In experiments plants are forced to compete, whereas in natural communities plants often display strong spatial aggregation that increases the chance of meeting conspecific neighbours. Species may aggregate in natural communities due to local dispersal. Freckleton Watkinson (2000) recommended that the scale of sampling should reflect the dispersal abilities—and resulting clumping—of the species being monitored, to ensure that multiple species are observed within sampling units. But the larger the scale at which data are sampled, the more the effect of local interactions becomes blurred. There are ways to incorporate dispersal into the modelling (Pacala Silander 1990), as we have done. Aggregation can also be caused by species-specific requirements for particular ecological conditions (Law et al. 1997). This has been suggested before as an explanation for the weak nature of estimated interspecific effects (Rees et al. 1996; Freckleton Watkinson 2000), but the magnitude of this problem has never been quantified. These methods have assumed a homogeneous environment. We believe this assumption was problematic even in our experimental setting—it was also considered by Mack Harper (1977). Perhaps this problem could be addressed by measuring environmental variation, although it is not clear which variables are important to describe species preferences. But ultimately, if species rarely interact due to spatial aggregation then the effect of their interactions will be limited. If species weakly interact in natural communities because they have been confined to realised niches, then we should be wary of interpreting models parameterised using observational data to conclude whether such communities are strongly structured by interactions (Martorell Freckleton 2014). If much of the competition goes unseen we cannot claim whether or not communities are fundamentally competitive from such analyses. In particular, these models may give no information about how the community is likely to respond to the loss or removal of species, which is essential in a world where species are likely to be lost, for example, through new diseases (e.g. Thomas 2016). Future directions To understand more deeply why observational data are lacking, we need to combine experimental and observational approaches. Freckleton et al. (2000) used similar analytical techniques on a long-term dataset where densities were perturbed halfway through the sampling programme. However, they and others have criticised experimental approaches to estimate competition (Freckleton Watkinson 2000, 2001). Removal experiments are still practised (e.g. Olsen et al. 2016), albeit more rarely and with acknowledgement of their caveats. Perhaps experimental manipulations are more in need than recent studies would suggest. There is no method to measure competition that is not flawed. Much progress has been made in critiquing previous methods and developing new ones. We have shown that current observational methods also need refinement. If it is possible to devise a method that accurately predicts the impact of species losses from diverse communities, what extra information would be required? Traitbased approaches may be useful in predicting which species will respond most to the loss of another species. This approach would be most effective if we are able to identify which traits best explain how remaining species will expand their niche in response to competitor removal. This could be combined with experimental approaches that remove one species at a time and measure the response of the remaining community. Experimental communities may also be useful for observing how species become confined to their realised niche if we can measure how species are affected by the gradual shift from homogenised to semi-natural conditions. Alternatively, we might need more detailed data on how species are affected by competition during specific life-history stages, rather than the more common observation of adult–adult transitions. Current observational data and methods are valuable tools, but we will need a greater combination of approaches to fully understand the role of competition between species in natural plant communities. 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